Historic Library Design
Libraries in the past have not always been designed as fun places to be. Architecture focused towards behavioral control of patrons has left many with the feeling that libraries are silent, dusty places patrolled by shushing librarians. Libraries in popular culture often reference Victorian era design conventions with stacked galleries of wooden shelves full of leather bound tomes, reinforcing the stereotype. People can be surprised by a visit to their bright, busy local library after an absence of a few decades.
Early Public and Private Libraries
The earliest public and private libraries were designed for prestige and display. In some libraries the books are used almost as design objects. It would be a shame to move them and spoil the picture. The art and architecture dominate the books, making the libraries into rich cultural experiences.
Photos of some of the world's most beautiful libraries (Bontips 2010).
Finding and accessing the knowledge in these libraries could be difficult. Spiral staircases or ladders are required to reach the top shelves and multistorey galleries of many beautiful historic libraries. While this presents a problem in terms of convenience and access, not to mention occupational health and safety, it does create a sense of mystery and adventure that is missing in modern library architecture. When libraries were opened up to the general public and librarians became involved in the design process the design parameters changed significantly.
Libraries for Librarians
Below is the floor plan of an early American public library highlighted as typical by Van Slyck (2007) in The library as place. The librarians desk, (labelled C) is placed squarely between the long gallery of books (A) and the public, who would have to request a book be brought to them for reading. It also provides the librarian with a perfect view of the gender segregated reading rooms. This is a perfect example of the design of a space being used to influence behaviour. Who would dare whisper anything inappropriate to the person seated next to them with the hawkish eye of the librarian upon them?
Libraries for Librarians
Below is the floor plan of an early American public library highlighted as typical by Van Slyck (2007) in The library as place. The librarians desk, (labelled C) is placed squarely between the long gallery of books (A) and the public, who would have to request a book be brought to them for reading. It also provides the librarian with a perfect view of the gender segregated reading rooms. This is a perfect example of the design of a space being used to influence behaviour. Who would dare whisper anything inappropriate to the person seated next to them with the hawkish eye of the librarian upon them?
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Buscheman, John E & Leckie, Gloria J 2007 |
This puritan layout is very much a product of the strict moralistic tone of the times. Libraries in the Victorian era were intended as sober places of self improvement. Socialising and reading for pleasure were discouraged through rules and, as above, through architecture. This type of library design persisted right through until the post war period when library architecture was dramatically re-imagined.
Post-War Libraries
Below is an image from Picture Australia of a modern Australian library, The Geelong City Library designed by architects Buchan, Laird & Buchan in the early 1960's. The space is open plan and light filled. The library user can select their own reading material without assistance from library workers, although the layout still allows all activity within the library to be observed. The cramped mystery of the historic library is banished with low, easy to reach shelving and florescent strip lighting. The emphasis of the architecture and furnishings is on usability, access and versatility.
This is the type of library that I grew up with and that many of you will find familiar. It places function over form in many respects. In terms of usability and access it is a dramatic improvement from the cramped dusty libraries that preceded it.
Libraries Now
The challenge for libraries now is to take the best aspects of past library design and adapt them for the future. Architecture is long lived and many libraries are faced with having to re-shape old architecture to new purposes. New libraries being built now are having to consider where technology might take them in the future at the planning stage to try to avoid costly mistakes.
Different types of libraries have different needs and design reflects this. In the next section of my research I looked at the specific requirements of national, public and academic libraries as well as the special requirements of rare book collections.
State and National Libraries
Bjarke Ingles - National Library in Astana, Khazakhstan (Aasarchitecture 2010)
Libraries Now
The challenge for libraries now is to take the best aspects of past library design and adapt them for the future. Architecture is long lived and many libraries are faced with having to re-shape old architecture to new purposes. New libraries being built now are having to consider where technology might take them in the future at the planning stage to try to avoid costly mistakes.
Different types of libraries have different needs and design reflects this. In the next section of my research I looked at the specific requirements of national, public and academic libraries as well as the special requirements of rare book collections.
State and National Libraries
A state or national library represents the collective memory of the people to whom it belongs. As such it has two, often conflicting, responsibilities. One is to act as an archive. Many state and national libraries are beneficiaries of laws that require copies of newly published works to be deposited into their collections. Simply storing an ever expanding collection is a nearly impossible task. The State Library of Victoria, like many other libraries, has in part solved this problem by using off site storage. Preserving information in this way is invaluable to historians. The other function of a state or national library is to provide access to their collections to the people of the nation or state. To this end such libraries require spaces in which items can be studied by patrons.
National and State libraries often try to make an architectural statement. They may try to express the character of the nation or project hopes for the future. Take a look at this architects proposal for a new National Library in Kasakhstan. The bold modern curves and circular shape are referencing a traditional tent, known as a yurt.
Bjarke Ingles - National Library in Astana, Khazakhstan (Aasarchitecture 2010)
Many national and state libraries are situated in historic buildings. This can be a blessing and a curse. A historic building lends a sense of continuity and stability to a library. Carefully maintained or restored period details can tell a story about where a nation has come from. On the down side a historic building comes with constraints. Bold architectural additions can be unpopular with fans of historic architecture and convoluted planning processes can slow the development of new spaces. Retrofitting technology into old buildings can also be a problem. The State Library of Victoria is an excellent example of a state library in a historic building dealing with these challenges.
Case Study: The State Library of Victoria
The State Library, like many large historic buildings, is a patchwork of different styles formed as different sections were completed at different times. It could be argued that it has never been “completed” as work continues constantly, adding new extensions and restoring old areas that have fallen into disrepair.
One recent restoration has been the complete renovation of the historic domed reading room. When it was first opened in 1913 it was the largest reinforced concrete structure in the world. The glass dome and fan shaped desks are based on the design of a domed reading room in the British National Library. Originally the upper stories were accessible only by metal spiral staircases. Elevators have since been installed. In 1958 the skylights of the dome were covered with copper sheeting to prevent water leaking in. This changed the nature of the reading room entirely, plunging it into semi-darkness. Pictures from this period show patrons quietly hunched over their books in little pools of light coming from the reading lamps above the desks. In 2003 the latest restoration of the reading room, now known as the La Trobe Reading Room, was opened to the public. The copper sheeting was removed and the skylights restored, flooding the space with natural light again. The contrast is remarkable and the room is one of the most popular in the library.
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| The LaTrobe Reading Room prior to it's renovation (Flint 1989-1990) |
The La Trobe Reading Room is a space that has been restored and used for its original purpose but many other spaces in the library have been re-purposed over the years. A great example of this is the old periodical reading room which is now the Information Center. This centrally located room makes an ideal place for much needed computer access. New spaces for special purpose reading rooms have been created by roofing over what were once courtyards.
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| The State Library of Victoria (Strong 2007) |
The best example of how the Library uses its 19th Century building in the 21st Century is the entrance. The enormous sandstone columns of the portico are imposing. In the past a wrought iron fence would have added to the slightly intimidating feel of the entrance. The fence is now gone and a beautiful open lawn and gentle steps are a favorite hangout for city folk on sunny days. This makes the building feel approachable. Large banners hang between the columns on the portico advertising what is going on inside. This constantly changing display draws people in to new exhibitions and events. Engaging with the public is vital for an institution like the State Library so it can continue to serve the people of Victoria into the future.
Public Libraries
The key to a successful public library is meeting the needs of the whole community. No other type of library is expected to serve such a diverse age range and variety of patrons.
An interesting problem in public library design, mentioned in People Places (2005), is that of different patterns of library use. People tend to fall into two groups. Quiet library users (usually students and older patrons) who wish to use the library for quiet study and noisy library users (usually children, youth and families) who wish to use the library for group activities that may involve generating substantial quantities of noise. The needs of both groups are legitimate must be met and it is up to the library to determine how much space should be allocated to each type of activity. People Places 2nd Edition recommends physical separation of the spaces where possible and acoustic treatment of walls and ceilings where necessary. Appropriate furniture and equipment in each area will attract users to the right place.
Another important function that libraries are called on to fill, according to Dewe (2006) is that of a community space for book groups, lectures and public meetings. Space constraints in most public libraries do not allow for a dedicated lecture hall. Clever open plan designs, however, can be easily adapted by shifting furniture to create temporary spaces for special occasions. Folding seats can be set out as needed to create temporary lecture halls or meeting spaces.
To engage with communities it is important to provide a vibrant and exciting design which people can enjoy. When trying to meet the needs of everyone it is all too easy to create a design which is bland and unlikable. Here are three libraries that have avoided bland design whilst creating versatile spaces for their communities to use.
Case Studies: Three Vibrant Public Libraries
Eltham Public Library – Eltham, Victoria
Gregory Burgess Architects
Gregory Burgess Architects
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Eltham Public Library, a birds eye view (Crosbie 2003) |
With it’s unique curved timber ceilings and earthy mud brick walls the Eltham Public Library is a far cry from the smooth angular modernism of most Australian libraries. In keeping with it’s sustainable theme the library has been carefully planned and built to avoid disturbing the large trees that already existed on the site. Community art galleries and meeting spaces are integrated into the design along with the shelves and reading spaces expected of a public library. A recent extension by the original architects has expanded this much loved building.
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Natural light washes curved wood ceilings (Crosbie 2003) |
Robertson Branch Library – Los Angeles, California
Steven Ehrlich Architects
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Robertson Branch Library, dramatic lighting enhances the library's presence (Crosbie 2003) |
A bold, copper clad ‘ships hull’ provides a striking architectural focus for this small branch library in Los Angeles. Within the building, this pre-weathered copper feature houses a light filled stairwell which draws patrons up into the library from street level. A portal window builds on the nautical theme of the building, framing a view of downtown Los Angeles.
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Inside the green vessel, filled with light (Crosbie 2003) |
Multnomah County Central Library – Portland, Oregon
Fletcher Farr Ayotte PC (Executive Architect)
Fletcher Farr Ayotte PC (Executive Architect)
Hardy Holzman Pfeiffer Associates (Associate Architect)
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Multnomah County Central Library, after restoration and renovation (Crosbie 2003) |
Historic buildings risk becoming museums unless they are renovated and the Multnomah County Central Library provides an example of how this can be done without losing the original character of the building. Historic photographs were used by local craftspeople to recreate historic features during the rehabilitation and extension of this much loved Portland landmark. A discrete extension on the top of the building is hidden from view at street level and houses the back end of the libraries functions. The beautifully restored historic section of the building houses the public part of the library with updated computer facilities, a children’s library and a coffee shop where patrons can browse the popular collection.
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The Children's Library on the first floor (Crosbie 2003) |
Academic Libraries
A library building is a long term investment and it is important for it to be able to meet future requirements, even when these cannot be precisely anticipated. When planning an academic library the needs of students and staff must be taken into account. The size of the institution being serviced will determine the size of the library. The types of courses offered by the host institute will also influence aspects of the design of the library.
As highlighted in the Whole Building Design Guide (2010) many students use libraries as a quiet place to study. At the most basic level academic libraries meet this need by providing desks and chairs. There are different requirements for different types of study though, and separate areas of the library can be used to meet different user needs. A silent area with corralled desks may be provided for solo study. Separate rooms may be set aside for group study with appropriate seating and other aids such as whiteboards. For more informal collaboration and recreational use, lounge areas are often provided for students.
According to Bazillion & Braun (1995) computers have become the defining feature of academic libraries. With most academic institutions providing course content and research materials online, computer access is vital for students. Specialist software is required to complete coursework in many areas and libraries can provide access to this as well. Many academic libraries are finding it a challenge to install enough computer terminals and power points for laptops to keep up with student demand.
In large busy academic libraries traffic flow can become an issue. From a design point of view this can be tackled by placing service points that are frequently used together near each other. For instance printers should be located near computer terminals not up the other end of the library. Consideration needs to be made for how people will move through a building when making any change to the library layout.
Over time, the needs of students can change dramatically and academic libraries must meet these needs. Swinburne University Library is a good example of a library which has grown from humble beginnings into a large network providing the technology and information that students need to study and thrive.
Case Study: Swinburne University Library
As you can see from some of the historic photos below, the libraries of Swinburne started out in simpler accommodation than they enjoy today. Over the 102 year lifetime of Swinburne various buildings have been adapted to serve as libraries with varying success. Today there are 6 purpose built libraries, one at each campus including one at the Sarawak campus in Malaysia. Together they form a network supplying the information needs of over 30,000 staff and students.
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Over the years the technology required for study has changed, and the libraries of Swinburne have always been early adopters of technology. In 1977 Swinburne was considered to have one of the most outstanding audiovisual departments of any Australian library. In 1989 3M security was installed in the libraries to prevent loss of library materials. In 1991 computers were introduced to the library with 5 terminals installed for students and staff to practice their computer skills. Today there are 440 fixed computer terminals in the Swinburne libraries, including those available for use 24 hours 7 days a week in the Late Lab at Hawthorn.
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The Hawthorn branch is the largest and busiest Swinburne library. It was opened in 1972 and has undergone extensive renovations since. A recent addition to the building is the glass atrium at the front entrance. This covers a formerly open courtyard and provides shelter for café facilities at the front of the library. This is a great place to sip coffee and read a book and provides a friendly entrance to the library with it's multilingual signage. One down side to the addition of the atrium is that the steep entrance steps which formerly led up to an open space, now lead to an unyielding glass wall. Adapting architecture to create more space often leads to unintended consequences.
Inside the library the emphasis of the current layout is on providing study space and computer access for the many international students who use the library. The decision to focus on the needs of international students was made based on use statistics gathered by the library. The computer workstations (as shown above in the photograph of the Late Lab) are a great example of library design meeting the needs of students. The shape and arrangement of the desks provide privacy and plenty of space for study materials.
Designing for Preservation
Rare books and archival materials require special attention to ensure they are available for future generations. Books, film, photographs and even digital media are vulnerable to damage from a variety of sources. Recollections (2000) details how damage can be caused by light and ultraviolet radiation, humidity and temperature, biological pests, dust and pollutants and deterioration processes.
Rare book rooms contain often irreplaceable material that requires constant care to ensure it’s longevity. Rhys-Lewis (2007) states that the primary considerations for a rare book room are:
- "Location – not near a river or lake, a military installation or airport or any other high-risk location.
- Construction – aim for long-term sustainability and internal environmental stability. Floor loading capacity is a key issue.
- Materials – should support internal environmental stability. Materials must not produce harmful levels of pollutants and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The effect of pollutants is particularly intense when the general environmental conditions are poor and/or the material is stored in an enclosed space or poor quality container."
Consideration should also be given to lighting, access and cleaning.
Although the primary concern for a rare book storage facility must be the preservation of the materials stored within, some libraries use design to enhance their collections. Beautiful surroundings encourage people to access and enjoy beautiful books. Quiet contemplative spaces make the most of precious time spent studying and exploring collections. Below are two libraries that have balanced access, preservation and asthetics using good design principles.
Case Studies: Two Libraries where Form meets Function
Rauner Special Collections Library, Dartmouth College
Venturi, Scott Brown and Associates
Venturi, Scott Brown and Associates
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An axial view of the Rauner Special Collections Library (Crosbie 2003) |
A glass shell protects the 30,000 linear feet of rare books housed in the Rauner Special Collections Library at Dartmouth College. The use of glass allows a visual connection between the larger space, the library user and the collection. Within the shell the climate is carefully controlled to protect the collection from excesses of humidity and temperature. This allows the books to be housed within a beautiful but otherwise unsuitable historic building.
The Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University
Gordon Bunshaft for Skidmore, Owings and Merrill
Gordon Bunshaft for Skidmore, Owings and Merrill
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From the outside the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library appears to be made of solid stone. Once inside, it becomes apparent that the marble panels that looked impermeable from the outside are fine enough to let in a soft light. This design feature protects the irreplaceable collections within, which include a Guttenberg Bible, by filtering the sunlight of UV radiation and reducing the amount of visible light. A glass tower at the centre of the building houses the collections themselves, further protecting them with a controlled climate.
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Future Directions for Library Design
Having examined the past and looked at the present state of design in libraries, my final research task was to look at future trends for library design.
There are many different opinions on where libraries are headed in the future, but the key to all of them is that libraries have to change to remain relevant to their communities. Central issues are how to make libraries sustainable, technologically relevant and places that the community can engage with.
Hallsworth (in Miller 2008) states that the future of libraries lies in being community convergence points, places where people go to not just for information but to access services, the internet and further learning. To further this libraries need to consider their location carefully and consider co-habitating with other community services.
Breeding (2010) predicts that libraries will continue to move towards offering more electronic content. This raises the issue of what technical formats, media types and legal constraints may be placed on library resources in the future. As this is an unknown, libraries must design for flexibility to avoid being locked into outdated systems and architecture.
People Places (2005) brings forward the issue of the ageing Australian population as an issue for libraries to consider. With an ageing population comes an increasing level of disability within the community. Libraries must consider a range of accessibility features such as ramped access, easy to read signage and single level buildings where possible. Such features benefit the whole community.
Sustainability is a huge trend in architecture, and libraries are embracing it enthusiastically. Many libraries are integrating natural ventilation, storm water collection, solar panels and green roofs into their buildings to save money, energy and resources. Libraries that are currently being planned and built are integrating whole building sustainability strategies and this is likely to continue in an increasingly resource hungry world.
Key Trend: Technology
Technology is one of the biggest challenges for libraries now and looking to the future. Many libraries are struggling to cope with where technology is now, frustrating their patrons with inadequate power sources for laptops and flaky or non-existent WiFi. In addition to the direct technical issues, new technologies have changed the way people work and collaborate, increasing the need for group work spaces. Given the rapid pace of change the best approach is flexibility.
Key design features recommended for new library buildings increase flexibility and enhance workspaces. A raised floor system can allow for flexible power delivery to anywhere in the building. A column free interior to allows space to be reconfigured to user needs to meet demand for group work spaces or large meeting areas. Interactive whiteboards may be provided in meeting rooms to enhance collaboration. Uniform fluorescent strip lighting is falling out of favour as it can create problems with glare on computer screens. Indirect natural light or reflected artificial light is recommended to reduce eye strain.
Case Study: Mediatheque Sendai, Japan
Medatheque in Sendai, Japan, designed by architect Toyo Ito, is a combined library and media center that puts technology at it’s heart. Huge open plan spaces on each floor are pierced by tree like columns carrying utilities, power and network cables. The glass curtain walls allow for natural light during the day and a sense of connectedness to the city outside.
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Key Trend: Sustainability
New and ancient techniques are increasingly making their way into libraries to enhance sustainability. A whole building approach should be taken to ensure that sustainability features work together to make the building better for the environment and more pleasant to work in or visit.
Sands (n.d.) suggests calculating a sites ‘wind, water and solar budget’ to determine how much light, water and energy is available then ensuring that the systems in the building fit within this budget.
People Places (2005), recommends that Australian library buildings work to a green office building code such as Green Star even though they are not legally required to do so. This gives a set of standards to work to. The key issues are identified as natural ventilation, energy use, natural lighting, minimal use of resources, recycling and the holistic integration of all of these things.
Case Studies: Two Green Buildings
Surrey Hills Library and Community Centre, Sydney
The Surrey Hills Library and Community Centre in Sydney takes a whole building approach to sustainability. Building materials have been either minimized or sourced sustainably to reduce the footprint of the build. Design features work together in a complex system to reduce the use of energy and water, and maximize natural ventilation and light.
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Ballard Library, Seattle
Sustainable features can be beautiful and fun as well as practical. As well as a range of other sustainable design details, the Ballard Library in Seattle, Washington has a spectacular curved green roof, planted with indigenous plants. A periscope and observation deck invite patrons to engage with the green roof.
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The purpose of my research was to look at the design of libraries and to find out what features are important to make a library functional and beautiful. What I have found is a vast range of libraries that use design well to create wonderful, exciting spaces for their communities to use. In the past library design has tried many different directions, some successful and others less so. The most important lesson we can take from the past is that everything changes. A century ago, library architects could not have imagined the libraries of today. Technology has taken us so far so fast that architecture has struggled to keep up. The challenge for the architects of today is to design buildings for a future that none of us can predict.
Resources:
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1 comment:
Wonderful report Melissa. Beautifully organised and structured. I really like your headings and the way you have looked at the various sectors along with illustrative case studies. You have some amazing stuff there. I love the National Library Khazakhstan and the lawn roof of the Ballard library in Seattle! Aside from a few minor technical glitches that you noted, the blog looks great. Well laid out with a good balance of images. Your referencing both in-text and your reference list is near perfect. Well done!
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